Common and Hot Stainless Steel Grades and Properties for Instruments
2025-06-15 18:42:38
304 stainless steel is one of the austenitic stainless steels with the largest application volume and the widest usage range. It is suitable for manufacturing deep-drawn formed parts, acid transportation pipelines, containers, structural components, various instrument bodies, etc. It can also be used to make non-magnetic and low-temperature equipment and components.
2. 304L stainless steel. This is a super-low carbon austenitic stainless steel developed to address the severe intergranular corrosion tendency of 304 stainless steel due to the precipitation of Cr23C6. Its resistance to intergranular corrosion in the sensitized state is significantly better than that of 304 stainless steel. Except for slightly lower strength, its other properties are similar to those of 321 stainless steel. It is mainly used in corrosion-resistant equipment and components that require welding and cannot undergo solution treatment after welding, and can be used to manufacture various instrument bodies, etc.
3. 304H stainless steel. It is a variant of 304 stainless steel with a carbon mass fraction ranging from 0.04% to 0.10%, and it has superior high-temperature performance compared to 304 stainless steel.
4. 316 stainless steel. By adding molybdenum to 10Cr18Ni12 steel, it acquires excellent resistance to reducing media and pitting corrosion. In seawater and various other media, its corrosion resistance surpasses that of 304 stainless steel, and it is mainly used for materials resistant to pitting corrosion.
5. 316L stainless steel. Ultra-low carbon steel, with excellent resistance to sensitization-induced intergranular corrosion, is suitable for manufacturing thick cross-section welded components and equipment, such as corrosion-resistant materials in petrochemical equipment.
6. 316H stainless steel. It is a variant of 316 stainless steel with a carbon content ranging from 0.04% to 0.10%, and it has superior high-temperature performance compared to 316 stainless steel.
7. 317 stainless steel. It has better resistance to pitting and creep than 316L stainless steel and is used to manufacture equipment for the petrochemical industry and for resisting organic acid corrosion.
8. 321 stainless steel. It is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel. The addition of titanium enhances its resistance to intergranular corrosion and it has good high-temperature mechanical properties. It can be replaced by ultra-low carbon austenitic stainless steel in most cases. Except for special applications such as high-temperature or hydrogen corrosion resistance, it is generally not recommended for use.
9. 347 Stainless Steel. This is a niobium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel. The addition of niobium enhances its resistance to intergranular corrosion. Its corrosion resistance in acidic, alkaline, and saline media is similar to that of 321 stainless steel. It has good weldability and can be used both as a corrosion-resistant material and as a heat-resistant steel. It is mainly applied in the power generation and petrochemical industries, such as for manufacturing containers, pipes, heat exchangers, shafts, furnace tubes in industrial furnaces, and furnace tube thermometers.
10. 904L stainless steel. It is a super-austenitic stainless steel invented by Outokumpu of Finland. Its nickel content is 24% to 26%, and its carbon content is less than 0.02%. It has excellent corrosion resistance and good resistance to pitting corrosion and stress corrosion. It is suitable for various concentrations of sulfuric acid at temperatures below 70°C. It also has good corrosion resistance in any concentration and temperature of acetic acid and mixed acid of acetic acid and formic acid under normal pressure. The original standard ASME SB-625 classified it as a nickel-based alloy, while the new standard classifies it as stainless steel. In China, there is only a similar grade of 015Cr19Ni26Mo5Cu2 steel. A few European instrument manufacturers use 904L stainless steel as key materials, such as the measuring tube of E+H’s mass flowmeter and the case of Rolex watches.
11. 440C stainless steel. Martensitic stainless steel, it has the highest hardness among hardenable stainless steels and stainless steels, with a hardness of HRC57. It is mainly used for making nozzles, bearings, valve cores, valve seats, sleeves, valve stems, etc. of valves.
12. 17-4PH stainless steel. Martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel with a hardness of HRC44, featuring high strength, hardness and corrosion resistance. It cannot be used at temperatures above 300℃. It has good corrosion resistance to the atmosphere, diluted acids or salts, and its corrosion resistance is the same as that of 304 stainless steel and 430 stainless steel. It is used in the manufacture of offshore platforms, turbine blades, valve cores, valve seats, sleeves, valve stems, etc.
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